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Opium addiction in China during the closing decades of the Ch'ing dynasty afflicted all segments of society. From government officials to farmers, the population fell prey to the effects of the drug. Some provinces reported addiction rates as high as eighty percent.
With the birth of Chinese nationalism, reformers―missionaries who had witnessed the effects of opium on Chinese society, students who had studied abroad and returned to their native land with broader perspectives, families who had lost all through the addiction of a loved one, doctors who had firsthand knowledge that opium use led only to death―cried out against the drug.
Even though many were convinced that opium use had sapped the strength of China, ending the use of the drug was a complicated problem. Opium trade financed the colonial government of India, and imports amounted to many tons annually. Domestic poppies were also cultivated as source of income.
Kathleen Lodwick examines the intersecting efforts of Protestant missionaries, particularly medical doctors, who had long denounced opium use, the British Royal Commission on Opium, which was decidedly pro-opium, the U.S. Philippine Commission, which denounced not only the trade but the Chinese people, and the British officials who finally undertook the task of ending the importation of opium to China.
China kept few records on the amount of drug use or its effects. Missionary medical doctors conducted the first scientific survey on the effects of the drug, and their findings provided clear evidence of its perniciousness. Such evidence could not be ignored, whatever the fortunes involved, and missionaries conducted a campaign of education and awareness in China and abroad. As a result of their efforts, China and Britain entered into a treaty that called for all opium trade to cease by 1917, and both governments as well as the missionaries become immediately active toward that end. The suppression campaign was among the most successful of the late Ch'ing reforms.
Lodwick tells a fascinating story of imperial exploitation and of a strain of honest crusaders who sought to right some of the wrongs their own nation was perpetrating. This book represents a strong argument against legalization of addictive drugs, a topic being discussed today in the United States as a solution to the societal problems our own drug use has caused.
- Sales Rank: #3840492 in Books
- Brand: Brand: The University Press of Kentucky
- Published on: 2009-11-10
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.50" h x .53" w x 5.51" l, .66 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 232 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
From the Back Cover
Opium addiction in China during the closing decades of the Ch'ing dynasty afflicted all segments of society. From government officials to farmers, the population fell prey to the effects of the drug. Some provinces reported addiction rates as high as 80 percent. With the birth of Chinese nationalism, reformersmissionaries who had witnessed the effects of opium on Chinese society, students who had studied abroad and returned to their native land with broader perspectives, families who had lost all through the addiction of a loved one, doctors who had firsthand knowledge that opium use led only to death - cried out against the drug. Kathleen Lodwick examines the intersecting efforts of Protestant missionaries, particularly medical doctors, who had long denounced opium use, the British Royal Commission on Opium, which was decidedly pro-opium, the U.S. Philippine Commission, which denounced not only the trade but the Chinese people, and the British officials who finally undertook the task of ending the importation of opium to China. China kept few records on the amount of drug use or its effects. Missionary medical doctors conducted the first scientific survey on the effects of the drug, and their findings provided clear evidence of its perniciousness. Such evidence could not be ignored, whatever the fortunes involved, and missionaries conducted a campaign of education and awareness in China and abroad. As a result of their efforts, China and Britain entered into a treaty that called for all opium trade to cease by 1917, and both governments as well as the missionaries became immediately active toward that end. The suppression campaign was among the most successful of the late Ch'ingreforms. Lodwick tells a fascinating story of imperial exploitation and of a strain of honest crusaders who sought to right some of the wrongs their own nation was perpetrating. This book represents a strong argument against legalization of addictive drugs, a topic being discussed today in the United States as a solution to the societal problems our own drug use has caused.
About the Author
Kathleen L. Lodwick, professor of history at Pennsylvania State University, is author of Educating the Women of Hainan.
Most helpful customer reviews
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
An important but neglected history.
By David Marshall
History is often sanitized for the secular public. One part of that sanitization is the down-playing of the impact reformist Christianity had around the world in the 19th Century, not only on the social mores of the West (slavery, prostitution, etc.) but really to the ends of the earth. An article on feminist reforms in China need make no mention of Christian missions. (Never mind that the great Chinese scholar Hu Shi admitted that missionaries "taught us . . . to look at women as people.") You can read of reform movements in Hinduism without learning what spiritual influence it was that caused such movements to spring up at that particular moment.
This is a secret that historians don't usually let out: that Christian missions changed the world in the 19th Century.
Kathleen Ludwick's book is an important and unusual contribution to the social history of our times. Ludwick portrays the competition between two groups of foreigners in China, both of whom (as the Chinese scholar Lin Yutang put it) no doubt thought the other mad: businessmen, who came to China to enrich themselves at the expense of the Chinese by selling opium, and Christian missionaries, who came to save the souls of the Chinese, and help them in any other way as well if possible. She argues: "More than any other group at the turn of the 20th Century, the Protestant missionaries in China truly understood the nature of opium addiction and had the courage to pursue their campaign against the drug until they finally convinced others of the correctness of their position." Many of the missionaries involved were of course doctors, though she shows that on this issue, at any rate, missionaries found a remarkable degree of harmony and agreement among themselves, even such different spirits as Hudson Taylor and James Legge. She also gives some details of the arguments by which the British government (with, of course, help from the respectable drug dealers themselves) justified ruining millions of lives. This book is full of details, some of them quite interesting, others a little dry by now. The author's tone is fairly even-handed, though she is not so "scholarly" that she is afraid to take sides in such a clear-cut battle between right and wrong.
This volume presents a small part of a tremendously important historical narrative, and thus belongs in any college library. Chinese who have grown up hearing from their government about how closely the missionaries were implicated in imperialism, might especially find it worth reading. I also recommend it to Christians who are involved in similiar prophetic acts of social justice today, helping drug addicts or opposing abortion, who are looking for encouragement....
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