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"The history books may write it Reverend King was born in Atlanta, and then came to Montgomery, but we feel that he was born in Montgomery in the struggle here, and now he is moving to Atlanta for bigger responsibilities."―Member of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, November 1959 Preacher―this simple term describes the twenty-five-year-old Ph.D. in theology who arrived in Montgomery, Alabama, to become the pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in 1954. His name was Martin Luther King Jr., but where did this young minister come from? What did he believe, and what role would he play in the growing activism of the civil rights movement of the 1950s? In Becoming King: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Making of a National Leader, author Troy Jackson chronicles King's emergence and effectiveness as a civil rights leader by examining his relationship with the people of Montgomery, Alabama. Using the sharp lens of Montgomery's struggle for racial equality to investigate King's burgeoning leadership, Jackson explores King's ability to connect with the educated and the unlettered, professionals and the working class. In particular, Jackson highlights King's alliances with Jo Ann Robinson, a young English professor at Alabama State University; E. D. Nixon, a middle-aged Pullman porter and head of the local NAACP chapter; and Virginia Durr, a courageous white woman who bailed Rosa Parks out of jail after Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white person. Jackson offers nuanced portrayals of King's relationships with these and other civil rights leaders in the community to illustrate King's development within the community. Drawing on countless interviews and archival sources, Jackson compares King's sermons and religious writings before, during, and after the Montgomery bus boycott. Jackson demonstrates how King's voice and message evolved during his time in Montgomery, reflecting the shared struggles, challenges, experiences, and hopes of the people with whom he worked. Many studies of the civil rights movement end analyses of Montgomery's struggle with the conclusion of the bus boycott and the establishment of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Jackson surveys King's uneasy post-boycott relations with E. D. Nixon and Rosa Parks, shedding new light on Parks's plight in Montgomery after the boycott and revealing the internal discord that threatened the movement's hard-won momentum. The controversies within the Montgomery Improvement Association compelled King to position himself as a national figure who could rise above the quarrels within the movement and focus on attaining its greater goals. Though the Montgomery struggle thrust King into the national spotlight, the local impact on the lives of blacks from all socioeconomic classes was minimal at the time. As the citizens of Montgomery awaited permanent change, King left the city, taking the lessons he learned there onto the national stage. In the crucible of Montgomery, Martin Luther King Jr. was transformed from an inexperienced Baptist preacher into a civil rights leader of profound national importance.
- Sales Rank: #2001164 in Books
- Brand: Brand: The University Press of Kentucky
- Published on: 2011-02-11
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x 1.00" w x 6.00" l, .88 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 248 pages
Features
- Used Book in Good Condition
From School Library Journal
Jackson (senior pastor, University Christian Church, Cincinnati; editor, The Papers of Martin Luther King Jr. Vol. 6: Advocate of the Social Gospel, September 1948–March 1963) has written a convincing reinterpretation of the role of King in the Montgomery, AL, bus boycott of 1955–56. Jackson grants that King's inspirational oratory and ability to communicate to African Americans across class lines made him a powerful symbol and chief spokesman of the movement there. However, the black community in Montgomery had laid the groundwork through its organizing activities in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Local activists, white and black, including NAACP leader E.D. Nixon and Women's Political Council president Jo Ann Robinson, as well as civil rights lawyers Virginia and Clifford Durr and librarian Juliette Morgan, planted the seeds that flowered in the boycott. Jackson concludes that in many ways, King did not make the boycott movement; the blacks of Montgomery made him. Highly recommended for all major libraries.—Anthony Edmonds, Ball State Univ., Muncie, IN
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Review
"Jackson reiterates not just how King changed Montgomery's African Americans, but how they changed King; not just the absolutely significant role King played in the boycott, but what King derived from the boycott experience." Harvard Sitkoff, author of King: Pilgrimage to the Mountaintop"
"In this excellent book, Troy Jackson offers a superb, nuanced account of Martin Luther King's relationship with Rufus Lewis, E.D. Nixon, JoAnn Robinson, Rosa Parks, and other key figures in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. A thorough researcher, Jackson argues convincingly that local activists in Montgomery decisively shaped King's identity as a civil rights leader."―Keith D. Miller, author of Voice of Deliverance: The Language of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Its Sources"
"The author's comprehensive analysis of King's sermons before, during and after the boycott artfully depicts a man in transition, from naive do-gooder to world-changer. Jackson's treatment of Montgomery in the post-boycott era offers new insight into the void in leadership and the fractious infighting among the movement's luminaries after King departed the scene. An informed investigation of the struggles that defined a time and place―and the man who gave them a voice."―Kirkus Reviews"
"I know that King biographies comprise a genre unto themselves, and many are near classic in stature. This brand new one, still, stands out."―Hearts & Minds Books Blog"
"This account of the Montgomery desegregation struggle benefits from a subtle shift in focus to the ordinary men and women who served as the foot soldiers in the 1955 bus boycott. Jackson's storytelling skill and broad perspective make this a worthy addition to the literature of the U.S. civil rights movement."―Publishers Weekly"
"Jackson does a wonderful job of demonstrating how King found the voice we know so well today and how the principles of non-violence that are so central to who King was were developed during his time in Montgomery."―Indianapolis Star"
"Immerse yourself in the people around King, and Martin Luther King's trials, oratory and strategizing in his fight for civil rights for all Americans."―NDW Waterline"
"Troy Jackson makes an important connection between King's early history and his ultimate role as a civil rights leader of the modern movement."―Tennessee Historical Commission"
"Jackson's research and conclusions are vital to any attempt at fully understanding King's rise in prominence."―Anniston Star"
"Becoming King is an interesting read filled with several new layers of information. Jackson effectively uses King's words to provide a boycott narrative that illuminates several aspects of the famous civil rights leader's ideological development and how King was able to inspire the working class of Montgomery to sacrifice their only means of transportation."―Southwest Journal of Cultures"
"This short, well-written, and thoroughly researched account of the forces that made King a national leader should be studied by every student of the modern civil rights movement."―Multicultural Review"
"Jackson writes well of the transformation that took place, valuing the input of the Montgomery leaders and community to the minister's 'becoming King.' Highly recommended."―Choice"
"Becoming King would be a wonderful addition for advanced high school and college students involved in history, religion, sociology...the themes he explores offer a thoughtful basis for debate and discussion not only about King and the civil rights era but the complexities and challenges of social change in our society."―Teaching History: A Journal of Methods"
"Jackson shows in glowing detail how King raised the sights of a local movement to encompass large moral issues and shaped the black struggle for freedom into a human rights movement with international dimensions...This book...is a fundamental freedom movement primer."―Journal of American History"
"[Becoming King] illuminates how ordinary people's commitments to human rights and nonviolence inspired King as much, if not more, than he inspired them. . . . Troy Jackson abundantly demonstrates how King's religious faith drew strength from mass struggle."―American Historical Review"
"Jackson's book is a finely conceived and well-crafted volume that deepens our understanding and appreciation of the young King. . . . this study is not only a refreshing approach and great contribution to King scholarship but also a rich addition to the literature on southern religious historiography and culture."―Journal of Southern History"
"[Jackson] tells a remarkable story about how the local people of Montgomery in their fight for racial equality helped to shape the life of one of the world's greatest civil rights leaders."―Alabama Review"
"Becoming King explores the iconic leader's first and most sustained intimate connection with local people within the civil rights movement. As such, the monograph provides further contemplation of King's legacy along with its place in the ever burgeoning civil rights literature."―Georgia Historical Quarterly"
"Becoming King is a concise and credible introductory text for students at the undergraduate level. Like effective, nuanced treatments of other wise monumental personages, Jackson humanizes Martin Luther King Jr., without diminishing his greatness."―Journal of African American History"
"Jackson provides a handy bibliography and a fine narrative of the civil rights movement in Montgomery, Alabama."―American Studies"
"Clearly and persuasively written . . . should not only inform but also challenge reader to think more deeply about faith under pressure and about one's responsibilities to promote social and economic justice." ―Restoration Quarterly"
"An important addition to the growing shelf of America's most famous civil rights leader."―Historian"
"Anyone interested in Martin Luther King's growth into the man and icon we have come to cherish would do well by starting with this well-written, richly researched contribution to the historical literature." ― Louisiana History"―
About the Author
Troy Jackson is an editor of The Papers of Martin Luther King Jr., Volume VI: Advocate of the Social Gospel, September 1948–March 1963. After receiving his Ph.D. at the University of Kentucky, he became Senior Pastor at University Christian Church in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Most helpful customer reviews
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
The Base of the Mountain
By Mark Miller
The maturing process is a journey full of "seasonings". We crawl before we walk. We babble before we speak. Most of us view Dr. King's life from sound bites and cliff notes bios that give us more of a mythic hero as opposed to a flesh and blood man.
Before Martin Luther King made it to the mountaintop, he spent a great deal of time building a base. This base was Montgomery, Alabama, where Dr. King learned to walk and find his voice and his impeccable sense of timing. Troy's exhaustive research has given us the gift of insight into the making of not just a leader but of a movement of which he became King. Troy reminds us of the people, decisions and timing that all came together to give Dr. King and the rest of the world a view from the mountaintop.
This is a fascinating and enjoyable read, especially in light of our recent election. I would highly recommend it for any student of history or leadership.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Understanding King
By Thomas J. Farrell
I just recently read THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. (1988), edited by Clayborne Carson. In it Carson has put together in roughly chronological order autobiographical passages by Dr. King from numerous sources. I was pleasantly surprised by just how readable this admittedly composite autobiography is. I was also pleased to read King's own account of various events in his life, including his education and his intellectual struggles.
Next, I read Troy Jackson's BECOMING KING: MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. AND THE MAKING OF A NATIONAL LEADER (2008), which includes a ten-page introduction by Clayborne Carson. Since 1985, Dr. Carson has served as the senior editor of the Martin Luther King Jr. Papers Project at Stanford University. Jackson has used those King papers extensively in his book.
Carson begins his introduction by asking us to imagine that King had not accepted the invitation to become the minister at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery. Had King not become the minister there, he probably would not have become famous as a civil rights leader. Up to the juncture in his life when he preached at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, as Jackson shows, King had honed and developed his preaching skills, and had embraced the social gospel, but he had not yet embraced non-violent civic protest, as he did later in his life.
As a young undergraduate (from the age of fifteen to nineteen) at Morehouse College in Atlanta, his hometown, he had heard the president of Morehouse, Benjamin Mays, speak admiringly of Gandhi, Jackson reports. Gandhi's approach to non-violent civic protest is not incompatible with the social gospel. But figuratively speaking, Gandhi was in one compartment of King's mind, and the social gospel was in another when King became a minister in Montgomery.
Jackson devotes most of his book to discussing Montgomery. Long before King became a minister in Montgomery, members of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church had been active in civic protests. Without knowing what was going to emerge in Montgomery, King arrived there at a crucial time. He was able to participate in the Montgomery bus boycott. Because he was better educated and more articulate than anybody else involved in the bus boycott, he emerged as a leader and spokesperson. His role as the public spokesperson during the lengthy bus boycott catapulted him to national attention, leading to invitations to speak in different parts of the country.
Had King not moved to Montgomery, he would not have emerged as a leader and spokesperson for the bus boycott there and would not have been catapulted to national attention at that time. However, regardless of whatever contributions he may have made to developments in the Montgomery bus boycott, the primary responsibility for the lengthy bus boycott there should be credited to local people, Jackson claims.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Thorough History of the Montgomery Bus Boycott
By John Bird
Troy Jackson, author of Becoming King, says that it was the people of Montgomery who shaped Martin Luther King Jr. rather than Martin Luther King Jr. who shaped the people of Montgomery.
Civil rights advocate Virginia Durr described Montgomery, Alabama in the 1950's as a place of "death, decay, corruption, frustration, bitterness and sorrow." And Jackson convinces us that she wasn't exaggerating. Blacks were oppressed, intimidated, and abused, and they were ready for change. Durr wrote: "I think the Negroes are stirring and they won't be held down much longer."
Through Jackson's thorough research and extensive quotes, we come to know and appreciate many of the African Americans working for change in Montgomery before King arrived--those like E.D. Nixon, a Pullman Porter and "tireless fighter for justice," and his secretary, "a local seamstress" named Rosa Parks. Along with Nixon, there were other courageous men like Vernon Johns, pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist church, who posted the title of an upcoming sermon on the church billboard (which was only a block from the State Capitol): "It's Safe to Murder Negroes in Alabama." But Jackson shows that it was the women who were most essential to the movement:
"Though many black men in the city were just as frustrated with the racial status quo, they had more to lose by being outspoken. Whites believed they had much more to fear from black men, and therefore they responded more quickly, and often violently, to any who got out of line. As whites fixed their attention on black men, several black women were stirring the waters of racial change in Montgomery."
When the young Martin Luther King Jr. arrived in Montgomery in 1954 to replace Johns as pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, he didn't plan to lead a civil rights movement. But plans change.
Claudette Colvin, a student at Booker T. Washington High School, refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger in March of 1955. When an officer tried to physically move her, "she fought like a little tigress" and was arrested. Soon after, Rosa Parks was also arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat. Jackson writes: "After a little more than a year in Montgomery, Park's arrest thrust King into the front lines of a local movement for civil rights." The bus boycott began. "Because the people of Montgomery were willing to walk, King had the opportunity to lead."
The newly formed Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), which elected King as president, led the boycott for the next thirteen months. Jackson gives a detailed account, telling the good and the bad, and correcting the idea that it wouldn't have happened without King. It was Nixon's idea, and the working people carried it out. "King brought the refined dimension required," but never took any credit for himself:
"If I am stopped, this movement will not stop. If I am stopped our work will not stop. For what we are doing is right. What we are doing is just. And God is with us."
The locals responded to the boycott with threats, legal action, and violence. King's house, along with Nixon's and several others, was bombed. And the city government wouldn't budge until the U.S. Supreme Court found bus segregation unconstitutional. Even then, Jackson says there were minimal gains for the local blacks:
"The U.S. Supreme Court decision supporting integrated buses in the city proved more of a victory for King and the burgeoning civil rights movement than it was for the Montgomery African American community."
While "King became the face for the national struggle for civil rights," the conditions in Montgomery worsened. Violence increased, and lots of those who took part in the boycott lost their jobs. Many had to move, including Rosa Parks.
In the introduction to Jackson's book, Clayborne Carson writes:
"By acknowledging that the bus boycott had only a limited impact on the lives of Montgomery's black working class, Becoming King is a necessary correction to romanticized versions of Civil Rights progress and Great Man historical myths."
When King announced that he was leaving Montgomery in 1960, a Dexter member wrote: "The history books may write it Rev. King was born in Atlanta, and then came to Montgomery, but we feel that he was born in Montgomery in the struggle here, and now he is moving to Atlanta for bigger responsibilities."
E.D. Nixon put it less politely: "If Mrs. Parks had gotten up and given that cracker her seat you'd never heard of Reverend King."
We can't say whether Nixon was right or not, but Jackson makes it clear that it was in Montgomery that King became the leader we remember. Jackson's work is as engaging as it is important, and I highly recommend it.
I received a complimentary review copy of this book from the University Press of Kentucky in exchange for an honest review.
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