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On June 22, 1941, Germany launched the greatest land assault in history on the Soviet Union, an attack that Adolf Hitler deemed crucial to ensure German economic and political survival. As the key theater of the war for the Germans, the eastern front consumed enormous levels of resources and accounted for 75 percent of all German casualties. Despite the significance of this campaign to Germany and to the war as a whole, few English-language publications of the last thirty-five years have addressed these pivotal events.
In Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East, Stephen G. Fritz bridges the gap in scholarship by incorporating historical research from the last several decades into an accessible, comprehensive, and coherent narrative. His analysis of the Russo-German War from a German perspective covers all aspects of the eastern front, demonstrating the interrelation of military events, economic policy, resource exploitation, and racial policy that first motivated the invasion. This in-depth account challenges accepted notions about World War II and promotes greater understanding of a topic that has been neglected by historians.
- Sales Rank: #935783 in Books
- Published on: 2011-09-08
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.25" h x 2.25" w x 6.13" l, 2.50 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 664 pages
Review
"Stephen Fritz has made a major statement. There are many books dealing with military operations in the East and many others that highlight the atrocities, the murders, and the Holocaust. Not until now has a single volume attempted to incorporate both, seeking the nexus between military operations and mass murder. The result is as complete a history of the German-Soviet war as one could desire, and it is an achievement that is likely to be unequaled for some time to come."―Robert M. Citino, author of Death of the Wehrmacht: The German Campaigns of 1942
"Fritz has written a top-flight strategic/operational level analysis of the Russo-German War. His text is solid and impeccably supported."―Dennis Showalter, author of Hitler's Panzers: The Lightning Attacks that Revolutionized Warfare
"Of all the hundreds of books on the Russian campaign, Mr. Fritz's is the first I have seen that demonstrates the nexus between mass murder and military operations."―Washington Times
"Stephen Fritz brought to his sources his considerable analytical skills and clarity of expression. The product is a very readable consideration of the European war's most important front, and one that expresses a new understanding of its causes and effects."―New York Journal of Books
"Fritz seeks to synthesize and build upon earlier scholarship while exclusively focusing on the struggle as seen from Berlin. . . . Ostkrieg will be a significant addition to any academic library."―Choice
"It is truly a magnificent work of military history integrating ideological, economic, political, and military dimensions of this theater of war."―Waterline
"Perfect for instructors and students."―Teaching History
"An ambitious and impressive synthesis of two vast and often mutually exclusive fields of scholarship: the historiography of the Holocaust and that of the war on the Eastern Front. . . . [it] should serve as the starting point for all historians and students of World War II interested in the relationship of war and genocide."―Journal of Military History
"Winner of the inaugural U.S. Commission on Military History's Brigadier General James L. Collins Jr. Book Prize in Military History"―
"We are given a superb vantage point from which to view how the Nazi regime's obsessions trapped Germany into ultimately fatal dilemmas."―Historian
"I found Ostkreig to be one of the most informative and spellbinding reads that I have experienced in a long time. This is a real page turner as I felt myself cheering for the Russian people in their struggle to just survive from day to day."― The Lone Star Book Review
"We now have a comprehensive, clearly written and affordable study incorporating recent research on the Eastern front."―European History Quarterly
About the Author
Stephen G. Fritz, professor of history at East Tennessee State University, is the author of Frontsoldaten: The German Soldier in World War II and Endkampf: Soldiers, Civilians, and the Death of the Third Reich. He lives in Johnson City, Tennessee.
Most helpful customer reviews
85 of 91 people found the following review helpful.
THE Comprehensive Narrative of Hitler's War of Extermination
By S. Heminger
The onset of the Russo-German war of 1941-45 marked the beginning of a striking evolution to the manner with which war was being waged by Nazi Germany. It also could be described as the continuation and evolution of a long policy of racist aggression towards the Slavs, German utopian `Lebensraum' ideology, and a radical anti-Semitism long adhered to by Hitler and the senior officials of the Nazi party. For years now, these disparate threads of the historical record have been studied and analyzed with an increasingly sophisticated dialogue. With that said, with the exception of Geoffrey Megargee's fine analysis on the first half-year of the eastern war, "War of Annihilation", there has been nearly no attempt to write a synthesis of all these differing but connected aspects of the Russo-German war. This gap in the history of Nazi Germany and its nearly four year war in the east has now been addressed in Stephen G. Fritz' fine analysis, "Ostkrieg". Indeed his goal, admirably stated is, "to provide a deeper understanding of the complexity and immensity of the Ostkrieg by anchoring the military events of the war within their larger ideological, racial, economic and social context" (xx).
This narrative works best exactly as the author intends; as a synthesis of the work already done by pre-eminent history writers such as Richard Overy, Ian Kershaw, Peter Longerich and David Glantz, among hundreds of others. In fact, the bibliography alone indicates the immense degree of work spent preparing this book and reads like a `who's who' of Nazi Germany historiography. The narrative is constructed in chronological fashion and ties together the political, racist, economic and military history of Hitler's war against Soviet Russia in exemplary fashion.
An excellent example of this is in the author's analysis regarding the failures of `Taifun', the assault on Moscow, which began on September 30th of 1941. Typically a reader is likely to come across descriptions of the terrible mud that made advances by trucks, panzers and even infantry torturous. Likewise, one is likely to read accounts of the effects of the precipitous drop in temperatures beginning in November and the lack of winter clothing for German troops. Fritz' analysis, however, combines these elements with accounts of the incredible mental and physical fatigue of troops, the lice the inability of supplies to move forward to these same troops and a myriad of other difficulties that have been rarely connected in this manner (160).
Furthermore, the author deftly connects these difficulties to the equally significant racial and economic issues involved, such as the supply difficulties being exacerbated due to a hardening of attitude by the various Russian peoples. He also goes on to demonstrate how the Nazi hierarchy's racist starvation plans actually worked against weapons systems production at the very moment when an increase in production was most critical. Indeed, Fritz shows how it was not until the more than 3 million POW's in German custody had almost entirely died of malnutrition that Hitler reversed this policy. By this point however the net gain of POW's capable of productive work could in no way match the lost manpower due to men called up for military service (171).
Overall, the analysis is top-notch and allows the reader to understand the thinking and planning (as little as there seems at times) that existed in seeking truly pan-European goals. Fritz demonstrates that, rather than seeking war with the USSR in 1941 because of the intransigence of Great Britain, it was actually in spite of this fact. He further shows how the political, military and economic realities contributed to an ever-increasing radicalization of policy against both Slavic populations and most tragically, the Jews of all Europe. This radicalization, particularly against the Jews, Fritz demonstrates as an example of anti Semitism flowing and growing both from Hitler and those below him. In other words, he shows how Hitler directed the overall flow of planning with generalized statements and general plans but in many instances, the actual evolving brutality and radicalization on the ground was driven by those wishing to prove their devotion or wishing for more freedom of action to act on their own hatreds and biases. Finally, he provides a fine overview of all aspects of the war, from the initial exuberant victories through the absolute destitution and destruction of Hitler's Germany.
In conclusion, "Ostkrieg" is a fantastic piece of analysis and is by far the most complete narrative of the critical war waged by Nazi Germany against Soviet Russia. Although there are minor areas in which I am not completely in agreement with Fritz, I find overall this a compelling and worthwhile area of research and one that he has demonstrated a high degree of mastery. This work should serve for years as THE preeminent discussion of all aspects of Hitler's racist war of extermination. This is easily one of the best works of analysis on the Eastern Front and absolutely deserves the five stars given it!
27 of 27 people found the following review helpful.
Great East Front History
By S. R. J.
Ostkrieg by Stephen Fritz : A review
For the last few years I've been on an "East Front" reading binge to supplement my normal diet of history reading (mostly WWII military history). In that regard, I have thoroughly enjoyed reading Ostkrieg, and have placed it second only to Absolute War by Chris Bellamy as my favorite single volume history of the war between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. I highly recommend it!
I own, and have read many of Col. David Glantz's various histories on the same subject area. He is without a doubt the best and perhaps most informed military historian of the eastern front conflict. I recently read "When Titans Clashed" by Glantz and House, perhaps their most easy to read history of the entire conflict in a manageable 384 pages. Glantz has however some of the most exacting and detailed histories of the conflict, with some battles covered in multiple volumes. His histories, while excruciatingly comprehensive, are difficult to read. I treasure his analysis and observations on the conflict. Glantz is doing extensive work filling in the previously blank history of the eastern front that took place between the big and more well know battles and operations. While I treasure his books, his writing technique is definitely aimed at the serious historian. This is not to put Col. Glantz down, but rather to contrast the style of a known authority on the war with Stephen Fritz's excellent history. Mr. Fritz's style and breadth of writing make the subject a rich and very enjoyable reading experience.
This book is a strategic and operational level history of the war in the east. The large sweep of the war is covered, but the author inserts detail at the right time to bring the relevant subject into focus, often with a human vignette set in the context of the battle. This is history writing at its best and most engaging. It was a pleasure to read.
In trying to answer what this work brings to one already knowledgeable about the conflict, I would say Fritz's syntheses of the racial aspects of the war in the east, how the progression of the war influenced the actions that would become the holocaust, and how all these were aided and abetted by the Wehrmacht are on the cutting edge of modern historiography. I was initially afraid that the book would be more about the holocaust and less on the actual fighting and command decisions of both sides. Instead, the author points out how the rapid destruction of the European Jewish population was hostage to the circumstances of the war as a whole, and especially the progression of the war against the Soviet Union. While not stating it this way, I believe the author argues that the war in the east and the holocaust were part and parcel of one another. They were not separate events, but interdependent upon one another. Racial attitudes permitted the war to proceed, how it was fought and dictated the logic and time table of the holocaust. At this point I should mention two other excellent books detailing the Wehrmacht's contribution to the holocaust and the atrocities on the eastern front, they are "The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality" by Wolfram Wette and "The German Army and Genocide: Crimes Against War Prisoners, Jews, and Other Civilians, 1939-1944" Edited by the Hamburg Institute for Social Research.
On the decision to go to war, and the alternatives Hitler faced in 1940 and `41, Fritz does an excellent job in presenting all the modern historiography on the subject. He ties in many of Hitler's notions of the traumatic events of November 1918; the "Stab in the Back", hunger on the home front as well as Hitler's sense that the timetables of history were forcing him to act while he could on favorable conditions (before 1942, when US mobilization would come into play). Fritz does point out the logic in Hitler's decision in declaring war against the United States, even if it is somewhat bewildering in hindsight. As with many of the more recent authors who have gathered research material from other than self serving German Generals, Fritz points out both the bad and good military decisions Hitler made during the war. It is refreshing to see this discrimination in history. The various halts and readjustments during Barbarossa, to name just one example, are not just Hitler meddling in the battle, but rather rational choices he faced given the momentum (or lack there of) due to logistical concerns, fierce Red Army counterattacks and conflicting egos and objectives of his subordinate field and HQ commanders. Fritz also goes on to point out when victory was lost, but a stalemate might have been achievable (1942) and when it should have been obvious to all that Germany no longer controlled her future (1943).
More and more modern histories of this conflict address the demands of the home front and the pressures the Germans were under when it came to food and weapons production. Ostkrieg continues this emphasis, and often takes the reader to the home front to address pressures and concerns Hitler faced, and that influenced his evolving strategic thought on the war in the east. The desire for food, raw materials and as the war went on, labor forced Hitler and the other Nazi leaders to consider previously unthinkable actions, such as importing Hungarian Jews as slave labor, and actually attempting to not work them to death or kill them outright (as they had other Jews earlier in the war). As an aside, another excellent book often referenced by others as well as Fritz in Ostkrieg is "Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy" by Adam Tooze, an excellent and interesting book, if sometimes dry.
One of my little pleasures in reading a history book is in looking up the endnotes as I come to them and scanning the bibliography. I like to know where my author is getting his facts. This book was no exception. I spent well over a half hour going through his 52 page bibliography, checking off the articles and books I have in my library and making note for further book purchases. The endnotes (I really miss footnotes!) are extensive at 55 pages.
Could the Germans have won the war against the Soviet Union? Maybe in 1941, before the battles of Smolensk if Stalin had not been Stalin, or been more inclined to follow through with peace feelers. Would the capture of Moscow in December of 1941 made the Soviets sue for peace, or would it just have been a repeat of 1812, or a precursor of Stalingrad's Rattenkrieg one year earlier. Fritz is not the first to say that Germany, as fine as its military was, just wasn't big enough to finish the job if the enemy didn't cooperate and give up. Thankfully for the rest of the world, the Soviet Union and the Red Army didn't give up.
If I have a negative criticism, it is that there are not enough maps. There are seven well drawn maps in Ostkrieg, mostly small scale and large area, showing the front lines at different times of the war. I really wish authors and publishers of all military histories, but especially "east front" military histories would include enough maps of various scales so that when an author mentions a city, river or other landmark, it show up on at least one (preferably referenced) map. Nothing is so frustrating as following the narrative of a battle, hearing about a bridgehead across an important river near a town, looking for a map and not finding where that referenced point is. Being from the US, I might know where most significant battlefields of the American Civil War are, but in the steppes of Russia and Ukraine, give me a break! I want to see the geographic relationship between the forces. Too much is lost when excellent narrative isn't supported by sufficiently detailed maps. This isn't only a criticism of Fritz, Col. Glantz has some of the worse maps of any book I've ever seen. If only someone would publish a detailed atlas of the war in the east in English.
That small quibble aside this is a great book, and a great read. History at its finest.
95 of 109 people found the following review helpful.
Possibly the Best General Read for the Eastern Front
By History Buff
This is an excellent book and extremely hard to put down. There is a richness in details that will satisfy most anyone. Not at the detail level of, say, a David Glantz tome; it, none the less, manages to give a full picture of the decisions and actions of the War in Russia. Frankly has the most definitive single paragraph describing Kursk that you will ever enjoy. Seldom have I read any work that I could recommend to a History Details "Nut", like myself, or to an individual wanting more than the average Stephen Ambrose junk. The writing is supurb and you will not be overwhelmed by German Technology words as well as non pronounceble Russian names. I have over 1200 books, in my library, with most on WW2; but this work will reserve a special place on my shelves. It has become my favorite work right before Germany and the Second World War Volume 3 and the first two (2) Volumes of Glantz's Stalingrad Trilogy. Please, read this book. The author does NOT fall victim to falling back on myths about Hitler, Russian command and control, and the old Germany would have won except for....It, at least to me, contains more relevant and easy to comprehend facts that have to arranged in one work on the 4 years of war in the east.
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